Hace exactamente 50 años, el 21 de octubre de 1971, la Academia Sueca anunciaba el Premio Nobel de Literatura para el chileno Pablo Neruda “por ser autor de una poesía que, con la acción de una fuerza elemental, da vida al destino y a los sueños de un continente”.
Su palabra, al igual que hizo su compatriota Gabriela Mistral -primera Nobel de Literatura en el continente en 1945-, tuvo un gran compromiso con los procesos sociales y revolucionarios de su tiempo, tanto de su país como de toda América y España.
Nacido en 1905 al sur de Chile y criado en el seno de una familia modesta, Neftalí Reyes -su nombre original- inició temprano su carrera como poeta, primero con una voz centrada en sí mismo y muy influenciado por el romanticismo, publica EFE.
Con el tiempo, sus formas se abrieron a otras corrientes y su madurez y experiencia vital lo llevaron a cantarle a los pueblos, en especial después de lo que atestiguó en la España, esa de antes de la Guerra Civil y el franquismo.
“Neruda en su juventud era más bien anarquista, no tenía ideología fija y era crítico de todo lo que veía, como todo joven con sensibilidad profunda. La caída de Madrid fue un golpe tremendo para él, tanto como el golpe militar en Chile”, dijo a EFE el director ejecutivo de la Fundación Pablo Neruda, Fernando Saez.
Él, agregó, “vivió una España republicana, en que los poetas salían a las calles, donde había efervescencia cultural, como acá con el expresidente Salvador Allende”, derrocado por un golpe de Estado en 1973.
Apenas unos días después y un día antes de viajar a México para liderar y organizar desde ese país la oposición a Augusto Pinochet, Neruda murió en un hospital capitalino, aunque su familia sostiene que fue envenenado por agentes de la dictadura e impulsó la exhumación de sus huesos en 2013.
En 2017 un equipo de expertos y peritos aseguró que el poeta no murió de cáncer de próstata, a pesar de que padecía esa enfermedad, pero que desconocían la causa específica del deceso.
Vigencia actual y cuestionamiento feminista
No hay librería en el mundo en la que no se encuentren ejemplares de “Crespuculario”, “Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada” o el aclamado “Canto General”. La obra de Neruda, uno de los poetas más importantes del siglo XX, fue traducida a más de 45 idiomas y “sigue leyéndose” hoy en día.
“Eso da cuenta no solo de la popularidad, sino de la manera en que él tocó distintos aspectos de la vida humana, desde los más simples hasta los más complejos del alma, instalándolos en una poesía que ha sobrevivido demasiado tiempo. Pocos poetas tienen esa posibilidad”, añadió el director de la fundación, durante un recorrido por “La Chascona”, la casa del poeta en Santiago convertida ahora en museo.
En los últimos tiempos, sin embargo, tanto la figura como la obra del otrora diplomático, senador y hasta candidato presidencial han sido objeto de una revisión crítica desde el poderoso movimiento feminista chileno.
Para la académica de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad de Chile, Soledad Falabella, Neruda es un poeta “patriarcal” y “del siglo pasado”, en cuya obra “las mujeres no existen como sujetos” y “sirven para apuntalar el ego y la masculinidad del ‘Hombre’, con mayúsculas”.
Un ejemplo de ello es su famoso verso “Me gustas cuando callas porque estás como ausente”, que fue replicado en las últimas y masivas manifestaciones feministas que han sacudido Chile, en las que se podían leer pancartas con la consigna: “Neruda, ¡cállate tú!”.
“En su imaginario, las mujeres somos objetos de placer, entes pasivos a disposición de la acción y el deseo del Hombre. No es raro entonces que en sus confesiones relate episodios donde protagoniza violencia de género y sexual. En su mundo eso no solo es posible, sino que es natural”, indicó Falabella.
Por su parte, la profesora titular de la Universidad de Chile y fundadora del Centro de Género y Cultura, Remy Oyarzún, reconoció a EFE que una de las “cosas bellas de la poesía es que no es el poeta quien tiene la última palabra, sino las lectoras”.
Por: Agencia
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